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The article uses psychological references to explain what it is about slot machines that is so appealing, and why the machines can be addicting to some people. The article explains that the appeal of a slot game can be traced back to research by psychologist B.F. Skinner, and his experiment with pigeons and food pellets. Bf Skinner Mentions Slot Machines, slots empire no deposit signing bonus codes, betway casino jackpot withdrawal issues, e45 free chip code for chips palace casino 25.

I’m a proponent of gambling for fun, but I’m not a fan of every single thing that people in the gambling industry do. The psychology of gambling is too often taken advantage of to the players’ detriment.

One example of this is the industry’s use of the term “gaming” to refer to “gambling.” The idea that they can just co-opt a term that’s used for different activities to try to make their business seem more legitimate is disingenuous at best and dangerous at worst.

But people like to gamble for fun, and I’m firmly in that camp. I’m not alone. I’ve seen estimates that suggest an overwhelming majority of Americans gamble. (The number of adults who never gamble is 20% or lower).

Some people, though, eventually start gambling compulsively. This makes gambling similar to other pleasurable activities like drinking or smoking.

And the psychology behind casino games and other gambling activities is based on selling a game that’s designed for the gambler to lose in the long run.

A cold, hard look at the odds behind most casino games would cause a sane person to fold their money in half and put it back in their wallet.

How the Brain’s Rewards System Works With Gambling

It would be hard to discuss the psychology of gambling without getting into some of the ideas about how the brain’s reward system works. If you didn’t get some kind of psychological kick out of gambling, you wouldn’t do it. Neither would anyone else.

Understanding this is a step in the direction of being a hard-nosed, realistic gambler.

The first aspect of gambling that seems obvious is that you don’t know what the outcome will be. Your brain is hardwired to enjoy activities when you don’t know what’s going to happen, especially if one of the possible outcomes involves a reward of some kind.

When you exercise, eat, drink alcohol, or make love, your brain releases a neurotransmitter called dopamine. This neurotransmitter is also released when you have money in action at the roulette table, or anywhere else in the casino.

In fact, psychologists have performed multiple studies and experiments measuring the brain’s release of dopamine when gambling. Not only does the brain release dopamine in the same way it would as if you were using drugs, but the brain physically changes when you’re gambling.

You can think of the dopamine that gets released in your brain as traveling through a road. That road becomes more sensitive with repeated use. Not only does gambling increase your craving for more gambling, it also increases your craving for other things that release dopamine (including alcohol, drugs, or any other activity that causes that dopamine release).

They’ve even done studies that demonstrate that gamblers who lose get the same hit of dopamine that winners get. Problem gamblers who chase their losses are living examples of this phenomenon in action.

Other Stimuli, Other Responses

The brain’s reaction to uncertainty when it comes to rewards and losses would seem to be enough to motivate gamblers, but casinos are in the business of maximizing profits. (All businesses are in the business of maximizing profits.)

The casinos use other stimuli to motivate their customers to gamble.

These stimuli include the sights and sounds of the casino. You can even see similar sights and sounds aimed at children. Notice what the game room at Chuck E. Cheese sounds like, then visit your local casino.

Live casinos, of course, have these sights and sounds in abundance, but even online casinos use the same stimuli. It would be dull to play at an online casino that didn’t include at least some of the flashing lights and music that you hear in a brick and mortar casino.

Scientists have done studies related to these stimuli, too, and they’ve come to the conclusion that the sights and sounds increase that dopamine release. In other words, the uncertainty of the rewards system combined with the music and lights have a synergistic effect.

A Skinner Box With a Lever

B.F. Skinner is one of the most famous behavioral scientists in history. Not all of his work relates to gambling, but some of it does. In particular, the Skinner Box applies directly to slot machine addiction.

Skinner did experiments with rats using boxes that dispensed cheese as a reward when the rats pulled a lever.

Obviously, the rats who got cheese every time they pulled the lever were more motivated to pull the lever than the rats who didn’t get cheese.

But there was a third box. This one dispensed cheese as a reward randomly. Sometimes, the rat got cheese, and other times, it didn’t.

You’d think that the rats who were certain of getting cheese would be the most motivated to pull that lever. But you would be wrong.

Now, let’s talk about slot machines. You’re the rat in the situation, the prize money is the cheese, and you have an uncertain result.

It’d be easy to say that people aren’t rats. But if you look at the research, this experiment relates to how the brain reacts to uncertainty.

And slot machines are the biggest moneymakers for the casino by far, even though they usually offer the worst odds in the casino. How else do you explain their appeal?

There’s a great book specifically about slot machines called Addiction by Design. It’s worth reading if you’re interested in the psychology of gambling.

The Gambler’s Fallacy

You’ll sometimes see this referred to by another name, like the “Monte Carlo” fallacy. Either way, it means the same thing.

It’s the tendency for a gambler to believe that if something happens more or less often than it should, the future results will even that out by having that something happen less or more often than it should.

In the case of random events that are independent of one another, this is a complete fallacy.

You have 18 black outcomes, 18 red outcomes, and two green outcomes at the roulette table. You’ve been betting on black, and black has hit eight times in a row.

Someone who believes in the gambler’s fallacy would think that a red or green result is now more probable on the next spin of the wheel. After all, the probability of black hitting nine times in a row is low indeed.

The problem is that you’re not betting on black coming up nine times in a row. You’re betting on the next spin, which is an independent event. The roulette wheel has no memory of what happened on the previous eight spins.

It still has 18 red numbers out of 38 total numbers, so the probability of a red result on that ninth spin is still 18/38, or 47.37%.

This is another example of a psychological shortcoming that causes gamblers to chase their losses. Even when you understand what the gambler’s fallacy is and the real odds, it’s tempting to bet the other way.

The gambler’s fallacy has been prominent in gamblers throughout history, but the most notable example happened at the Monte Carlo Casino in 1913. The roulette table saw an epic streak of black results, the ball landed on black 26 times in a row.

The odds of that happening are similar to the odds of winning the lottery, about 1 in 67 million.

The roulette players bet millions on red and lost. Their assumption that you’d see a streak of red results in higher proportion on the next batch of spins was entirely incorrect.

Applied Psychology in Gambling: The Game of Poker

Entire books about psychology and its application in poker have been written by psychologists. It’s impossible in the space here to provide anything like comprehensive coverage of the subject.

But I can provide an introduction to how psychology affects poker.

First, think about the concept of tells in poker. If you’ve seen many movies about poker, you probably already know what tells are. You might even have an inflated sense of their importance.

A poker tell is just a physical clue that a poker player gives when he’s about to do something. For example, a player might have shaky hands when he likes his cards. (This is a common tell, by the way. Excitement about a hand results in the release of nervous tension in the form of trembling hands.)

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You can spend all day looking for tells and still lose at poker. You can’t replace an understanding of hand strength, pot odds, and outs with close observation of the other players at the table.

Another example of psychology at the poker table is the tendency for players to tilt. This is the phenomenon of getting angry because you feel like you’re not getting the results you should be and changing your behavior as a result.

I used to play with a guy who wore scrubs to every poker game. I didn’t know him. I just used to run into him at the cardroom at Choctaw Casino in Oklahoma.

His nickname was “Doctor Tilt.” He’d get mad after a bad beat and start betting and raising with all kinds of weak cards. All you had to do was be willing to fold for a little while until you caught some decent cards.

He’d angrily bet into you with some dumb hole cards, and you’d win money from him two out of three times. He racked up some severe losses.

This tendency to tilt, though, is also subject to psychology. Because the game of poker is random, someone who tilts sometimes gets paid off when he bets and raises with a lousy hand.

This reinforces his tendency to tilt.

Conclusion

The psychology of gambling is a huge subject, too huge to cover in any kind of depth in a single blog post. The best I could hope to do is provide an introduction to some of the effects of psychology in gambling.

Were there better examples of the psychology of gambling that I could have used in this post? If so, please leave a comment and let me know what you think!

An operant conditioning chamber (also known as the Skinner box) is a laboratory apparatus used to study animal behavior. The operant conditioning chamber was created by B. F. Skinner while he was a graduate student at Harvard University. It may have been inspired by Jerzy Konorski's studies. It is used to study both operant conditioning and classical conditioning.^[1][2]

Skinner created the operant chamber as a variation of the puzzle box originally created by Edward Thorndike.^[3]

History[edit]

In 1905, American psychologist, Edward Thorndike proposed a ‘law of effect’, which formed the basis of operant conditioning. Thorndike conducted experiments to discover how cats learn new behaviors. His most famous work involved monitoring cats as they attempted to escape from puzzle boxes which trapped the animals until they moved a lever or performed an action that triggered their release. He ran several trials with each animal and carefully recorded the time it took for them to perform the necessary actions to escape. Thorndike discovered that his cats seemed to learn from a trial-and-error process rather than insightful inspections of their environment. Learning happened when actions led to an effect and that this effect influenced whether the behavior would be repeated. Thorndike’s ‘law of effect’ contained the core elements of what would become known as operant conditioning. About fifty years after Thorndike’s first described the principles of operant conditioning and the law of effect, B. F. Skinner expanded upon his work. Skinner theorized that if a behavior is followed by a reward, that behavior is more likely to be repeated, but added that if it is followed by some sort of punishment, it is less likely to be repeated.

Purpose[edit]

An operant conditioning chamber permits experimenters to study behavior conditioning (training) by teaching a subject animal to perform certain actions (like pressing a lever) in response to specific stimuli, such as a light or sound signal. When the subject correctly performs the behavior, the chamber mechanism delivers food or other reward. In some cases, the mechanism delivers a punishment for incorrect or missing responses. For instance, to test how operant conditioning works for certain invertebrates, such as fruit flies, psychologists use a device known as a 'heat box'. Essentially this takes up the same form as the Skinner box, but the box is composed of two sides: one side that can undergo temperature change and the other that does not. As soon as the invertebrate crosses over to the side that can undergo a temperature change, the area is heated up. Eventually, the invertebrate will be conditioned to stay on the side that does not undergo a temperature change. This goes to the extent that even when the temperature is turned to its lowest point, the fruit fly will still refrain from approaching that area of the heat box.^[4] These types of apparatuses allow experimenters to perform studies in conditioning and training through reward/punishment mechanisms.

Structure[edit]

The structure forming the shell of a chamber is a box large enough to easily accommodate the animal being used as a subject. (Commonly used model animals include rodents—usually lab rats—pigeons, and primates). It is often sound-proof and light-proof to avoid distracting stimuli.

Operant chambers have at least one operandum (or 'manipulandum'), and often two or more, that can automatically detect the occurrence of a behavioral response or action. Typical operanda for primates and rats are response levers; if the subject presses the lever, the opposite end moves and closes a switch that is monitored by a computer or other programmed device. Typical operanda for pigeons and other birds are response keys with a switch that closes if the bird pecks at the key with sufficient force. The other minimal requirement of a conditioning chamber is that it has a means of delivering a primary reinforcer (a reward, such as food, etc.) or unconditioned stimulus like food (usually pellets) or water. It can also register the delivery of a conditioned reinforcer, such as an LED signal (see Jackson & Hackenberg 1996 in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior for example) as a 'token'.

Despite such a simple configuration (one operandum and one feeder) it is nevertheless possible to investigate a variety of psychological phenomena. Modern operant conditioning chambers typically have multiple operanda, such as several response levers, two or more feeders, and a variety of devices capable of generating different stimuli including lights, sounds, music, figures, and drawings. Some configurations use an LCD panel for the computer generation of a variety of visual stimuli.

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Some operant chambers can also have electrified nets or floors so that shocks can be given to the animals; or lights of different colors that give information about when the food is available.Although the use of shock is not unheard of, approval may be needed in countries that regulate experimentation on animals.

Research impact[edit]

Operant conditioning chambers have become common in a variety of research disciplines especially in animal learning. There are varieties of applications for operant conditioning. For instance, shaping a behavior of a child is influenced by the compliments, comments, approval, and disapproval of one's behavior. An important factor of operant conditioning is its ability to explain learning in real-life situations. From an early age, parents nurture their children’s behavior by using rewards and by showing praise following an achievement (crawling or taking a first step) which reinforces such behavior. When a child misbehaves, punishments in the form of verbal discouragement or the removal of privileges are used to discourage them from repeating their actions. An example of this behavior shaping is seen by way of military students. They are exposed to strict punishments and this continuous routine influences their behavior and shapes them to be a disciplined individual. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning played a key role in helping psychologists to understand how behavior is learned. It explains why reinforcements can be used so effectively in the learning process, and how schedules of reinforcement can affect the outcome of conditioning.

Commercial applications[edit]

Slot machines and online games are sometimes cited^[5] as examples of human devices that use sophisticated operant schedules of reinforcement to reward repetitive actions.^[6]

Social networking services such as Google, Facebook and Twitter have been identified as using the techniques.^{[citation needed]} Critics use terms such as Skinnerian marketing^[7] for the way the companies use the ideas to keep users engaged and using the service.

Gamification, the technique of using game design elements in non-game contexts, has also been described as using operant conditioning and other behaviorist techniques to encourage desired user behaviors.^[8]

Skinner box[edit]

Skinner is noted to have said that he did not want to be an eponym.^[9] Further, he believed that Clark Hull and his Yale students coined the expression: Skinner stated he did not use the term himself, and went so far as to ask Howard Hunt to use 'lever box' instead of 'Skinner box' in a published document.^[10]

See also[edit]

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References[edit]

1. ^R.Carlson, Neil (2009). Psychology-the science of behavior. U.S: Pearson Education Canada; 4th edition. p. 207. ISBN978-0-205-64524-4.
2. ^Krebs, John R. (1983). 'Animal behaviour: From Skinner box to the field'. Nature. 304 (5922): 117. Bibcode:1983Natur.304..117K. doi:10.1038/304117a0. PMID6866102. S2CID5360836.
3. ^Schacter, Daniel L.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Wegner, Daniel M.; Nock, Matthew K. (2014). 'B. F. Skinner: The Role of Reinforcement and Punishment'. Psychology (3rd ed.). Macmillan. pp. 278–80. ISBN978-1-4641-5528-4.
4. ^Brembs, Björn (2003). 'Operant conditioning in invertebrates'(PDF). Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 13 (6): 710–717. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2003.10.002. PMID14662373. S2CID2385291.
5. ^Hopson, J. (April 2001). 'Behavioral game design'. Gamasutra. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
6. ^Dennis Coon (2005). Psychology: A modular approach to mind and behavior. Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 278–279. ISBN0-534-60593-1.
7. ^Davidow, Bill. 'Skinner Marketing: We're the Rats, and Facebook Likes Are the Reward'. The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
8. ^Thompson, Andrew (6 May 2015). 'Slot machines perfected addictive gaming. Now, tech wants their tricks'. The Verge.
9. ^Skinner, B. F. (1959). Cumulative record (1999 definitive ed.). Cambridge, MA: B.F. Skinner Foundation. p 620
10. ^Skinner, B. F. (1983). A Matter of Consequences. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. p 116, 164

External links[edit]

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• From Pavlov to Skinner Box - background and experiment

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